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William Baldwin (29 March 1779 – 1 September 1819) was an American physician and botanist who is today remembered for his significant contributions to botany.〔Howard Atwood Kelly. 1914. ''Some American Medical Botanists Commemorated in our Botanical Nomenclature'': pages 104-112. The Southworth Company, Publishers: Troy, NY, USA. (see External links below)〕〔Makers of American Botany, Harry Baker Humphrey, Ronald Press Company, Library of Congress Card Number 61-18435〕 He lived in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Georgia, and served as a ship's surgeon on two voyages overseas.〔John William Harshberger. 1899. ''The Botanists of Philadelphia and Their Work'': pages 119-125. T.C. Davis and Sons: Philadelphia, PA, USA. (see External links below).〕 He published only two scientific papers,〔Clark A. Elliott. 1979. ''Biographical Dictionary of American Science'': page 22. Greenwood Press: Westport, CT, USA; London, England.〕 but his major contributions were in the knowledge that he imparted to other botanists in his letters to them and in the thousands of specimens that he provided for their herbaria.〔Harry Baker Humphrey. 1961. ''Makers of North American Botany'': pages 15,16. The Ronald Press Company: New York, NY, USA.〕 He wrote letters to Henry Muhlenberg, Stephen Elliott, William Darlington, Zaccheus Collins, and others. His most important collections were from Georgia, Florida, and eastern South America. When he died, he left a large herbarium that proved to be of great value, especially to Lewis David von Schweinitz, John Torrey, and Asa Gray.〔Ronald L. Stuckey. 1971. "The first public auction of an American herbarium including an account of the fate of the Baldwin, Collins, and Rafinesque herbaria". ''Taxon'' 20(4):443-459.〕 He had a special interest in the plant family Cyperaceae〔Joseph A. Ewan. 1969. ''A Short History of Botany in the United States''. Hafner Publishing Company: New York, NY, USA; London, England.〕 and his incomplete, unpublished manuscripts were a major source for monographs by John Torrey and Asa Gray.〔John Torrey. 1836. "Monograph of North American Cyperaceae". ''Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York'' 3:239-448.〕〔Asa Gray. 1835. "A monograph of the North American species of ''Rhynchospora''". ''Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York'' 3:191-219.〕 The historian Joseph Ewan has said that "Baldwin's treatment of a number of genera, especially in the Cyperaceae, showed penetrating observation, understanding, and diagnosis".〔 The genus ''Balduina'' was named for him by Thomas Nuttall.〔Thomas Nuttall. 1818. ''The Genera of North American Plants and a Catalogue of the Species to the Year 1817'' vol.2 page 175. D. Heartt: Philadelphia, PA, USA. (see External links below).〕 Most of what we know of him is from the biography written by his friend, William Darlington, in 1843.〔William Darlington. 1843. ''Reliquiae Baldwinianae'' Kimber and Sharpless: Philadelphia, PA, USA. facsimile edition with introduction by Joseph Ewan. 1969. Hafner Publishing Company: New York, NY, USA; London, England.〕 == Pennsylvania == William Baldwin was born in Newlin Township, Pennsylvania,〔William Baldwin Personal Papers At: Website of the LuEsther T. Mertz Library At: Website of New York Botanical Garden. (see External links below).〕 a small township about one kilometer southeast of Embreeville in Chester County. He was the son of Elizabeth Baldwin (nee Garretson) and Thomas Baldwin, a Quaker minister.〔 He suffered from poor health all of his life because of chronic tuberculosis, and like the rest of his family, he eventually died of it.〔 At the time, his condition was called hereditary tuberculosis, but it is now known that tuberculosis is an infectious disease.〔William Baldwin Personal Papers At: Gray Herbarium Archives At: Harvard University Herbarium. (see External links below).〕 William Baldwin had little formal education, but he had a thirst for knowledge and became a school teacher at a young age. When he was not teaching class, he was in Downingtown, Chester County, studying medicine under Dr. William A. Todd. It was here that he met Moses Marshall, the nephew of botanist Humphry Marshall.〔 He sometimes went with Moses Marshall to Marshallton in Chester County to study the botanic garden that his uncle had established there. Thus began the young Baldwin's lifelong enthusiasm for botany〔 In 1802, he took one course in medicine at the University of Tennessee, but soon ran out of money, and returned to his studies under Dr. Todd.〔 It was near the end of 1802 when he began his medical studies at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. One of his teachers, Benjamin Smith Barton, encouraged his study of botany and taught him much on the subject. Barton occasionally took Baldwin and other students on botanical excursions into the countryside. In particular Barton's classes studied at the botanic collections at Bartram's Garden under William Bartram and at William Hamilton's garden The Woodlands in Philadelphia. While Baldwin was attending the university, one of his friends and fellow students, William Darlington developed a serious illness. Baldwin devoted much time and effort to assisting his recovery. Thus began a close and lifelong friendship.〔 After one course at the University of Pennsylvania, Baldwin again fell short financially, and in 1803 returned to Dr. Todd to work as his assistant. In 1805, he secured a position as a surgeon on a ship, and sailed to Antwerp, then to Guangzhou, and returned to Philadelphia in 1806.〔 During this voyage, he earned enough money to complete his studies. He returned to the University of Pennsylvania and was awarded the degree of M.D. in April 1807.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「William Baldwin (botanist)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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